Jatkan siitä, mihin viime kerralla jäin, mutta kieli muuttuu takaisin suomeksi. 1300-luku eKr. oli suurten mullistusten aikaa. Valtakuntia kukistui: Egypti heikkeni, Hittien valtakunta romahti ja kanaanilaiset antoivat tietä heprealaisille. Raamatun mukaan heprealaiset tulivat Egyptistä Kanaan maahan suunnilleen 1400/1300-lukujen vaiheessa. He valloittivat maan Joosuan johdolla. Jerusalemin kannalta on olennaista huomata, että tuon kaupungin kuningas toimi kanaanilaisen liittouman johtajana eteläisessä Kaanaassa. Jerusalemin kuningas Adoni-Sedek ajautui viiden muun kaupunkivaltion kanssa rajuun sotaan heprealaisten kanssa. Toisaalta Herra oli liittoutunut heprealaisten kanssa. Joosuan joukot saivat tulivoimaa taivaalta: ”Herra antoi sataa heidän (Adoni-Sedekin joukkojen) päälleen kiven kokoisia rakeita”, Joos. 10:11. Samoin Jumala pysäytti kellon kulun, aurinko ei laskenut, jotta heprealaiset voisivat lyödä vastustajansa perin pohjin, Joos. 10:12-13: ”ja niin aurinko pysyi paikallaan ja kuu oli liikkumatta, kunnes kansa oli kostanut vihollisilleen.” ”Herra kävi sotaa israelilaisten puolesta”. Joos. 10
Usein merkittävien viholliskaupungit poltettiin ja tuhottiin täysin, kuten Jeriko, Hazor ja Ain (ks. esim. Joos. 11:10-11). Joosuan ja Tuomarien kirja ei kuitenkaan milloinkaan mainitse, että heprealaisten päävihollisen Adoni-Sedekin kaupunkia olisi tuhottu tai edes vallattu. Tämä on tosi yllättävää, ja Joosuan kannalta kiusallinen totuus. Jerusalem jäi valloittamatta. Jakeessa 11:16 todetaan, että ”Joosua sai valloitetuksi koko maan”, mutta kuitenkin myöhemmin, jakeessa 15:63 tunnustetaan: ”Jerusalemissa asuvia jebusilaisia Juudan heimo ei kyennyt hävittämään, vaan he asuvat Juudan heimon keskellä Jerusalemissa vielä tänäkin päivänä.”
Tällainen nololta kuulostava tosiasia on aika paljastava. Ensinnäkin, Jerusalem valloitettiin varmasti Daavidin aikana 1000-l eKr. On luonnollista ajatella, että Joosuan kirjan lähteet ovat peräisin ennen tuota aikaa, koska muussa tapauksessa olisi vaikea ymmärtää jakeen Joos. 15:63 loppua: ”vielä tänäkin päivänä.” Tuomarien kirjassa vahvistuu se kuva, jonka Joosuan kirja antaa Jerusalemista: heprealaisten maanvalloituksesta huolimatta keskellä luvattua maata oli vahva linnoitettu kaupunki, kuin piikki lihassa, joka todisti, ettei lupausta ollut vielä lunastettu, Tuom. 1:21. Tuomarin kirjan luvussa 19 käy selvästi ilmi, että Jerusalem oli Israelissa, mutta se ei ollut israelilainen. ”He saapuivat Jebusin eli Jerusalemin lähistölle… Palvelija sanoi: ”Poiketaan tuohon jebusilaisten kaupunkiin ja yövytään siellä.” Mutta hänen isäntänsä sanoi: ”ei, me emme poikkea kaupunkiin, jonka asukkaat eivät ole israelilaisia.” Tuom. 19:10-12
Tästä voittamattomien muukalaisten linnoituskaupungista tuli sitten kuitenkin koko Israelin pääkaupunki, kaupunki, jonne rakennettiin Daavidin palatsi ja Herran Huone eli temppeli. Tuomarien kaudella, 1200 - 1000 eKr., Jerusalemilla ei ollut oikein mitään merkitystä israelilaisten elämässä. Tuon ajan keskuspaikkoina olivat sellaiset paikat kuin Betel, Gilgal, Mispa ja Silo. Daavidin myötä tapahtui kuitenkin iso ja rohkea muutos. Unohdettu, kaukaa kierretty, vieroksuttu ja valloittamaton kaupunki valloitettiin ja valittiin Israelin pääkaupungiksi. Jae 2. Sam. 5:6 on tosi keskeinen: ”Kuningas (Daavid) lähti miehineen Jerusalemiin niitä jebusilaisia vastaan, jotka yhä asuivat maassa. Nämä sanoivat Daavidille: ”Tänne sinä et pääse, sokeat ja rammatkin pystyvät torjumaan sinut.” – Mutta Daavid valtasi Siionin linnoituksen, josta tuli Daavidin kaupunki.”
Loppuun pieni tietoisku:
1800-luvulla löytyi todella mielenkiintoinen arkeologinen steela eli kivipaalu, jonka kuva löytyy tästä. Se ajoittuu vuosien 1213-1203 eKr. välille, ja se on peräisin Egyptistä. Kivipaaluun on kirjoitettu Egyptin kuninkaan Merneptahin (1213-1203eKr.) sotaretkestä Kaanaan maahan. Kivipaalussa mainitaan Mernaptahin joukkojen kukistamia kaupunkivaltioita Kaanaassa. Tästä tuhottujen kaupunkien listasta löytyvät Askelon, Gezer, Yanoam ja Israel. Israelista kivipaalussa lukee, että ”Israel on tuhottu, sen siementä ei enää ole.” Tässä selvästi liioiteltiin Egyptin sotaretken onnistumista Israelin tuhoamisessa. Tästä epäluotettavuudesta huolimatta tästä Merneptahin steelasta, jota kutsutaan myös ”Israel steelaksi”, löytyy ensimmäinen ja kaikkein vanhin kirjallinen maininta Israelista. Tämä todistaa, että Israel on ollut tunnettu kansan tai kaupunkivaltion, ”valtion” nimi jo 1200-luvulla. Kyse on ollut niin merkittävästä kansasta, että se on merkitty egyptiläiseen kivipaaluun, jossa kerrotaan Egyptin voitoista.
Tietysti Raamatun vanhin maininta Israelista löytyy Jaakobin painin yhteydestä. Israel on Herran antama nimi Jaakobille ja hänen suvulleen. Israelin pyhä kutsumus on kamppailla Herran kanssa, tulla Jumalan siunaamaksi ja nähdä Herra, Gen. 32:29-33. Raamatun kronologiassa Jaakobin paini sijoittuu jonnekin 1700-luvulle eKr.
maanantai 24. tammikuuta 2011
maanantai 3. tammikuuta 2011
Archaeology of Jerusalem, 1
I’m writing my first ever blog on English. The reason is that I study in English, all my notes, and most of the books are in English… I’ve been studying the archaeology of first temple period Jerusalem during this semester. The class is thought by Gabriel Barkay. It has been a very interesting course. In order to write about these things, which I have learned, I will just concentrate on one “small” subject at a time. This writing, and the following writings, serve only as "tasters" because I'm not capable of introducing the city's wonders and especially not in such a small blog.
Let’s start from the beginning, when Jerusalem is first mentioned in history. This takes us into the 18th century BC Egypt. From this time in Egypt there has been found “execration texts” which curses the potential enemies of Egypt. The texts mention many cities and their kings from Syria and Canaan. Among them is mentioned some kings of Rushalimum – Jerusalem. In the chronology of the Bible, the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob lived around this time. From that time scholars have found archaeological remains from the slopes of Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. This means that in the 18th century Jerusalem was a city. Its importance is noted by the fact that the great Egyptians regarded it as its one potential enemy.
The period from 1950 - 1500 BC (Middle Bronze Age) was a period of urbanization in Canaan. According to contemporary Egyptian sources Canaan had 60 cities, and in these sources two kings of Jerusalem are mentioned by name: Tzakar-am is the other one. From this period the archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon has found a wall surrounding the city of Jerusalem dating to 18th century BC. The most important spot of Jerusalem – the Gihon spring, which provided water for the city – was surrounded and protected by a thick wall. From this period dates some of the biggest building stones until the time of Herod the Great!
Even thought this is the period of the patriarchs (Middle Bronze Age), Genesis does not explicitly mention the city, although indirect references to Jerusalem are found from Gen. 14 and 22. Jerusalem was the place where Abraham met Melchizedek, the king of Salem, Gen. 14:18-20, who gave him bread and wine and blessed him. Melchizedek was the priest of the highest God: El-Elyon. The name Melchizedek is Hebrew and it means the king of righteousness. Melek = king, tzadi = righteousness. Interestingly the other king of Jerusalem mentioned in Josh. 10:1 is called Adoni-zedek, which means the Lord of righteousness. In the book of Isaiah Jerusalem is called the city of righteousness: air-zedek. So in an early state Jerusalem is the city of righteousness and peace. In Gen. 22 Abraham is to offer his beloved son on the mount of Moriah, which is the same mount on which latter Salomon built the house of God (2 Chron. 3:1/Gen. 22:2).
Later, after Genesis 14, the person of Melchizedek appears a couple of times in the Bible: Ps. 110 and in Hebr. 5:10, 6:20 and 7:17. Psalm 110 says that the Lord promised to make the messianic king David the Melchizedek, the king of righteousness. The words of Hebr. 5-7 says that Jesus is this Messiah, fulfilling the prophesy. He had already met Abraham in Jerusalem, and given him the bread, wine and the priestly blessing.
In 14th century BC, and in the whole of the Late Bronze period i.e. 1550-1200, the land of Canaan, including Jerusalem, was under the rule of Egypt. From the 14th century BC Egypt there has been found 382 letters written between the Egyptian overlords and the Canaanite province leaders. Six of these are between Egypt and Jerusalem, which is now called Urusalim and its king is Abd-hepa. Click here and you will see one of the letters. These letters are called the el-Amarna letters due to the fact that they were found from the archives of the ancient Egyptian capital city el-Amarna. The letters reveal that Abd-hepa was the king of a great city-state. The letters also relate that Jerusalem was one of the most loyal city-states towards Egypt, although Jerusalem seems to have been practically quite independent from Egypt. In the contemporary war-stories it is told that Egypt conquered some Canaanite cities, but Jerusalem is never told to have been conquered.
Here are some background info. Next time I’ll write about Jerusalem in the books of Joshua and Judges.
Let’s start from the beginning, when Jerusalem is first mentioned in history. This takes us into the 18th century BC Egypt. From this time in Egypt there has been found “execration texts” which curses the potential enemies of Egypt. The texts mention many cities and their kings from Syria and Canaan. Among them is mentioned some kings of Rushalimum – Jerusalem. In the chronology of the Bible, the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob lived around this time. From that time scholars have found archaeological remains from the slopes of Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. This means that in the 18th century Jerusalem was a city. Its importance is noted by the fact that the great Egyptians regarded it as its one potential enemy.
The period from 1950 - 1500 BC (Middle Bronze Age) was a period of urbanization in Canaan. According to contemporary Egyptian sources Canaan had 60 cities, and in these sources two kings of Jerusalem are mentioned by name: Tzakar-am is the other one. From this period the archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon has found a wall surrounding the city of Jerusalem dating to 18th century BC. The most important spot of Jerusalem – the Gihon spring, which provided water for the city – was surrounded and protected by a thick wall. From this period dates some of the biggest building stones until the time of Herod the Great!
Even thought this is the period of the patriarchs (Middle Bronze Age), Genesis does not explicitly mention the city, although indirect references to Jerusalem are found from Gen. 14 and 22. Jerusalem was the place where Abraham met Melchizedek, the king of Salem, Gen. 14:18-20, who gave him bread and wine and blessed him. Melchizedek was the priest of the highest God: El-Elyon. The name Melchizedek is Hebrew and it means the king of righteousness. Melek = king, tzadi = righteousness. Interestingly the other king of Jerusalem mentioned in Josh. 10:1 is called Adoni-zedek, which means the Lord of righteousness. In the book of Isaiah Jerusalem is called the city of righteousness: air-zedek. So in an early state Jerusalem is the city of righteousness and peace. In Gen. 22 Abraham is to offer his beloved son on the mount of Moriah, which is the same mount on which latter Salomon built the house of God (2 Chron. 3:1/Gen. 22:2).
Later, after Genesis 14, the person of Melchizedek appears a couple of times in the Bible: Ps. 110 and in Hebr. 5:10, 6:20 and 7:17. Psalm 110 says that the Lord promised to make the messianic king David the Melchizedek, the king of righteousness. The words of Hebr. 5-7 says that Jesus is this Messiah, fulfilling the prophesy. He had already met Abraham in Jerusalem, and given him the bread, wine and the priestly blessing.
In 14th century BC, and in the whole of the Late Bronze period i.e. 1550-1200, the land of Canaan, including Jerusalem, was under the rule of Egypt. From the 14th century BC Egypt there has been found 382 letters written between the Egyptian overlords and the Canaanite province leaders. Six of these are between Egypt and Jerusalem, which is now called Urusalim and its king is Abd-hepa. Click here and you will see one of the letters. These letters are called the el-Amarna letters due to the fact that they were found from the archives of the ancient Egyptian capital city el-Amarna. The letters reveal that Abd-hepa was the king of a great city-state. The letters also relate that Jerusalem was one of the most loyal city-states towards Egypt, although Jerusalem seems to have been practically quite independent from Egypt. In the contemporary war-stories it is told that Egypt conquered some Canaanite cities, but Jerusalem is never told to have been conquered.
Here are some background info. Next time I’ll write about Jerusalem in the books of Joshua and Judges.
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